.....When we look at the world today with its war, terrorism, and violence in so many places, a non-punitive society seems "utopian" in the sense of impossible And, indeed, we are not likely to arrive at a peaceful world in the immediate future by applying the experimental analysis of behavior to international diplomacy. In any case, peace in the simple sense of the absence of violence is no solution to the problem. Like the permissiveness which some countries have recently explored it offers no effective alternative to punitive measures. Perhaps our best opportunity will be to start below the level of international affairs. If, because of positive consequences alone, people can acquire knowledge and skills, work productively treat each other well, and enjoy their lives, those who deal with international affairs may be able to use non-punitive measures more effectively. It is the unhappy and the frightened who resort to war. International negotiations among happy nations should be more successful. .............

When we act to avoid or escape from punishment, we say that we do what we have to do, what we need to do, and what we must do. We are then seldom happy. When we act because the consequences have been positively reinforcing, we say that we do what we like to do, what we want to do. And we feel happy. Happiness does not lie in the possession of positive reinforcers; it lies in behaving because positive reinforcers have then followed. The rich soon discover that an abundance of good things makes them happy only if it enables them to behave in ways which are positively reinforced by other good things.

1. 行動のあとに嫌子を提示することでその行動を弱める（嫌子出現随伴性による弱化）
2. 行動のあとで好子を除去することでその行動を弱める（好子消失随伴性による弱化、「ペナルティ」など）
3. その行動をしないと嫌子が提示される（嫌子出現阻止随伴性による強化、「回避」）
4. その行動をしないと好子が除去される（好子消失阻止随伴性による強化、「仕事を完成しないとクビになる」）

1. 目的がどうあれ、ゼッタイに使ってはいけない方法
2. 差し迫った目的を達成するため、緊急避難的に用いることが許される方法（例えば、激しい自傷行為を緊急避難的に弱化する）
3. 可能な限り転換をめざすべきもの（「働かないと食えないという好子消失阻止の随伴性」を「働くという行動に必然的に伴う好子で行動内在的に強化」に転換する）
4. 自己管理の一環として、自分自身を好子消失阻止随伴性に晒してみる（「ダイエットしたらご褒美」ではなく「ダイエットしなければ何かを失う」という義務的な随伴性に晒さないと体脂肪を減らすことはできない）